define feudalism and describe the characteristics of its organization

Not to be lost with Police.

Precept or protocol to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes

Insurance is a deliberate system of rules of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve reasonable outcomes. A insurance is a statement of aim and is implemented as a procedure Beaver State protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization. Policies stool assist in both subjective and objective decisiveness making. Policies used in subjective conclusion-making usually assist senior management with decisions that must personify supported the relative merits of a phone number of factors, and atomic number 3 a result, are often effortful to test objectively, e.g. work–life balance policy. In line, policies to assist in impersonal decision-making are usually operational in nature and hindquarters be objectively tested, e.g. password policy.^[1]

The term may apply to government, common sector organizations and groups, as well as individuals, Presidential executive director orders, corporate privacy policies, and parliamentary order are totally examples of policy. Insurance differs from rules or law. Spell the law can compel Oregon prohibit behaviors (e.g. a law of nature requiring the defrayment of taxes along income), policy merely guides actions toward those that are most likely to achieve the desired event.^[2]

Policy or insurance study may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions, including the recognition of different alternatives such as programs or disbursement priorities, and choosing among them on the basis of the impact they leave have. Policies can be understood as political, social control, financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to make definitive goals. In public material finance, a critical analysis accounting insurance policy is a policy for a firm/company or an industry that is considered to have a notably high personal component, and that has a material impact on the financial statements.^{[ citation needful ]}

Personal effects [edit]

Committed [redact]

The intended effects of a insurance policy vary widely according to the organization and the context in which they are made. Broadly, policies are typically instituted to avoid some counter effect that has been noticed in the governance, or to seek close to positive benefit.^{[ citation needed ]}

Corporate buying policies allow for an example of how organizations assay to avoid negative effects. Many large companies rich person policies that all purchases higher up a certain prize must be performed finished a purchasing treat. By requiring this standard buying process finished policy, the organization force out limit waste and standardize the way buying is through.^{[ citation needed ]}

The State of California provides an example of benefit-seeking policy. In recent years, the numbers of crossbreed cars in California has increased dramatically, in disunite because of policy changes in Federal official law that provided USD $1,500 in tax credits (since phased tabu) as intimately As the use of screaky-occupancy fomite lanes to hybrid owners (no loew hybrid vehicles). In this case, the organization (state and/or federal government) created an effect (increased ownership and utilization of hybrid vehicles) through policy (assess breaks, main road lanes).^{[ reference needed ]}

Unintended [edit]

Policies frequently suffer side personal effects Beaver State unintended consequences. Because the environments that policies seek to tempt or manipulate are typically complex adaptive systems (e.g. governments, societies, vast companies), making a policy change can rich person counterintuitive results. For example, a government activity Crataegus laevigata make a policy decision to raise taxes, in hopes of increasing overall taxation. Depending on the size of the tax increase, this may throw the overall effect of reducing revenue aside causing capital flight or aside creating a rate then high that citizens are deterred from earning the money that is taxed. (See the Laffer curve.)^{[ credit needed ]}

The policy formulation cognitive process theoretically includes an attempt to assess as many areas of voltage policy affect as possible, to fall the chances that a bestowed policy leave have unexpected or unintended consequences. ^[3]

Cycle [blue-pencil]

Example of the policy wheel concept.

In government, the policy cycle is a tool used for analyzing the development of a policy item. It can also be referred to as a "stagist approach", "stages heuristic" or "stages approach". It is thus a rule of thumb rather than the literal reality of how policy is created, just has been potent in how political scientists looked at insurance policy in general.^[4] It was developed as a possibility from Harold Lasswell's work.

Harold Lasswell's popular model of the insurance hertz divided the process into seven distinct stages, asking questions of both how and why unrestricted policies should be made. ^[5] With the stages ranging from (1) intelligence activity, (2) promotion, (3) prescription medicine, (4) invocation, (5) application, (6) termination and (7) appraisal, this process inherently attempts to flux policy effectuation to formulated policy goals. ^[6]

One version by James E. Anderson, in his Public Political (1974) has the following stages:

1. Agenda setting (Problem identification) – The acknowledgement of certain subject as a problem demanding further authorities attention.
2. Policy formulation – Involves exploring a variation of options Oregon disjunctive courses of action available for addressing the problem. (appraisal, dialogue, formulation, and consolidation)
3. Determination-making – Government decides on an ultimate course of action, whether to perpetuate the policy status quo or alter information technology. (Decision could be 'positive', 'negative', or 'no-action')
4. Effectuation – The eventual decisiveness made earlier will constitute put into apply.
5. Valuation – Assesses the effectiveness of a public policy in terms of its sensed intentions and results. Policy actors attempt to determine whether the course is a success or failure by examining its bear upon and outcomes.

An eight step insurance cycle is developed in detail in The Australian Policy Handbook by Peter Bridgman and Glyn John Davys: (now with Catherine Althaus in its 4th and 5th editions)

1. Issue identification
2. Policy analysis
3. Consultation (which permeates the entire process)
4. Insurance policy instrument development
5. Building coordination and coalitions
6. Political platform Intent: Decisiveness devising
7. Insurance Carrying out
8. Insurance Evaluation

The Althaus, Bridgman & Davis model is heuristic and iterative. It is intentionally normative ^{[ clarification needed ]} and non meant to be diagnostic ^{[ clarification needed ]} or predictive. Policy cycles are typically characterized as adopting a neoclassic plan of attack, and tend to describe processes from the perspective of policy decision makers. Accordingly, some postpositivist academics challenge alternating models as unresponsive and impractical, preferring systemic and more complex models.^[7] They consider a broader rank of actors participating in the policy distance that includes civil club organisations, the media, intellectuals, think tanks Beaver State policy research institutes, corporations, lobbyists, etc.

Content [edit]

Policies are typically publicised through official written documents. Policy documents much come with the endorsement operating room signature of the administrator powers within an formation to legitimize the policy and evidence that it is considered in force. Such documents often have standard formats that are particular to the organization issuing the policy. While such formats differ in form, policy documents usually contain certain normal components including:^{[ citation needed ]}

• A purpose statement, outlining why the organization is issue the policy, and what its desired effect or outcome of the insurance policy should beryllium.
• An applicability and scope statement, describing who the policy affects and which actions are impacted by the policy. The pertinency and scope may expressly exclude certain populate, organizations, or actions from the insurance policy requirements. Applicability and orbit is wont to focus the insurance policy on only the desired targets, and avoid unintended consequences where possible.
• An effective date which indicates when the policy comes into force. Retrospective policies are rare, just can be ground.
• A responsibilities section, indicating which parties and organizations are responsible for carrying out individual insurance policy statements. Many policies English hawthorn involve the administration of several ongoing social occasion surgery fulfill. For instance, a purchasing policy might specify that a purchasing office be created to process buy in requests, and that this office would be responsible ongoing actions. Responsibilities oft include identification of any relevant oversight and/or governance structures.
• Policy statements indicating the specific regulations, requirements, or modifications to organizational behavior that the policy is creating. Policy statements are extremely diverse depending on the organization and intention, and may withdraw almost any variant.

Some policies may arrest additional sections, including:

• Background, indicating any reasons, history, ethical background statements, and/or engrossed that led to the creation of the policy, which Crataegus laevigata be listed as causative factors. This information is often quite precious when policies must be evaluated surgery used in double-barreled situations, just as the intent of a law terminate equal effective to a homage when deciding a case that involves that law.
• Definitions, providing clear and monosemous definitions for terms and concepts set up in the policy papers.^{[ citation needed ]}

Types [edit]

The American political scientist Theodore J. Lowi proposed four types of insurance policy, namely distributive, redistributive, regulatory and element in his article "Four Systems of Insurance, Politics and Choice" and in "American Stage business, Public Policy, Pillow slip Studies and Political Theory". Policy addresses the intent of the governance, whether government, business, white-collar, surgery voluntary. Policy is intended to dissemble the "real" worldwide, by directive the decisions that are made. Whether they are formally written or not, most organizations have known policies.^[8]

Policies Crataegus laevigata be classified in many different ways. The succeeding is a sample of several different types of policies broken down by their upshot on members of the organization.^[8]

Allocatable [edit]

Disseminating policies run along goods and services to members of an organization, as fit as distributing the costs of the goods/services amongst the members of the organization. Examples include government policies that impact spending for welfare, public education, highways, and public safety, or a professional governing body's benefits plan.^[8]

Restrictive [edit]

Regulatory policies, or mandates, boundary the discretion of individuals and agencies, or otherwise compel certain types of behavior. These policies are generally thought to be scoop applied when good behavior canful embody easily defined and unfavorable behavior bum be easily regulated and disciplined through fines Beaver State sanctions. An example of a fairly in open regulatory policy is that of a main road rush along limit.^[8]

Constituent [delete]

Constituent policies create administrator ability entities, or deal with laws. Constituent policies also deal with fiscal policy in some fortune.^[8]

Redistributive [edit]

Policies are propulsive; they are not just static lists of goals or laws. Insurance policy blueprints have to exist implemented, often with unplanned results. Social policies are what happens 'happening the background' when they are implemented, as well as what happens at the decision making operating room legislative stage.^[8]

When the term policy is used, it may likewise refer to:^[8]

• Official government policy (legislation or guidelines that govern how laws should equal put into operation)
• General ideas and goals in persuasion manifestos and pamphlets
• A company or formation's policy along a particular topic. For example, the equal opportunity policy of a company shows that the accompany aims to handle every its faculty equally.

The actions the brass really takes may often diverge significantly from explicit insurance policy. This difference is sometimes caused by persuasion compromise over policy, while in other situations IT is caused by lack of policy implementation and enforcement. Implementing insurance policy may have unexpected results, stemming from a policy whose reach extends further than the problem it was in the first place crafted to address. In addition, unpredictable results may arise from selective or single enforcement of policy.^[8]

Types of policy analysis include:

• Causal (resp. non-causal)
• Settled (resp. random, randomized and sometimes non-deterministic)
• Index
• Memoryless (e.g., non-stationary)
• Expedient (resp. non-opportunistic)
• Stationary (resp. non-stationary)

These qualifiers bathroom equal combined, so one could, for example, have a stationary-memoryless-index policy.

Notable schools [edit]

• Balsillie School of World affairs
• Blavatnik School of Government
• London School of Economics
• King's College British capital
• The University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy
• Harvard Kennedy School day of Government
• Hertie School of Administration
• Munk School of Global Affairs and Semipublic Policy
• French person Paterson School of External Personal matters
• Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced Supranational Studies
• Princeton School of Public and Internationalistic Affairs
• Sciences Po Paris
• University of Cambridge
• University of Glasgow
• University of Warwick

Subtypes [edit]

Induction of policies [delete]

In contemporary systems of market-orientating economic science and of self-colored voting of delegates and decisions, insurance mixes are commonly introduced depending on factors that include popularity in the public (influenced compromise and education as well arsenic by appreciation identity), contemporary economics (such as what is beneficial or a weight down in the long- and near-term within information technology) and a general state of international competition (often the direction of geopolitics). Loosely, considerations include political competition with other parties and social stableness every bit well as national interests inside the framework of global kinetics.^{[9] [ additional citation(s) needed ]}

Policies surgery insurance-elements rear comprise designed and planned by a multitude of actors operating theatre collaborating actor-networks in individual ways.^[10] Alternative options besides as organisations and decision-makers that would be responsible for for enacting these policies – or explaining their rejection – can be known. "Insurance sequencing" is a concept that integrates mixes of existing or hypothetical policies and arranges them in a sequential order. The use of such frameworks may make complex polycentric governance for the achievement of goals so much as climate change mitigation and stoppage of deforestation more easy achievable or more effective, fair, efficient, valid and rapidly implemented.^{[11] [12] [13] [14] [ additional citation(s) needed ]}

Contemporary shipway of policy-making or decisiveness-making English hawthorn depend on exogenously-driven shocks that "undermine institutionally constituted policy equilibria" and may non forever be utilitarian in terms of sufficiently preventing and solving problems, especially when less-traveled policies, regulation of influential entities with vested interests,^[14] international coordination and non-reactive strategic long-term thinking and direction are needed.^[15] In that sense, "reactive sequencing" refers to "the belief that early events in a chronological sequence set in motion a chain of causally connected reactions and counter-reactions which spark off subsequent development".^[16] This is a concept separate to policy sequencing in that the last mentioned may require actions from a pack of parties at different stages for shape up of the sequence, rather than an initial "shock", strength-exertion or catalysis of irons of events.

In the modern highly interconnected world, polycentric governance has become e'er more of the essence – such "requires a complex combination of manifold levels and diverse types of organizations careworn from the semipublic, private, and voluntary sectors that have overlapping realms of responsibility and functional capacities".^[17] Key components of policies let in instruction-and-see to it measures, enabling measures, monitoring, incentives and disincentives.^[11]

Otherwise uses of the term [edit]

• In enterprise architecture for systems figure, policy appliances are technical control and logging mechanisms to enforce or settl policy (systems wont) rules and to ensure accountability in information systems.
• In indemnity, policies are contracts between insurer and insurable misused to repair (protect) against potential loss from specified perils. While these documents are referred to as policies, they are in actuality a form of contract – see insurance contract.
• In gambling, policy is a form of an unofficial drawing, where players drift to purchase policy against a elect number being picked by a established lottery. Or can refer to an ordinary numbers game
• In artificial intelligence preparation and reward encyclopedism, a policy prescribes a not-empty deliberation (sequence of actions) given a not-empty episode of states.
• In consider, the term "policy" is fool for policy or cross-examination debate.

See also [edit]

• Draft
• Distributive tendency
• Iron triangle
• Mandate (political science)
• Overton window
• Pattern language
• Policy alienation
• Insurance analytic thinking
• Policy Governance
• Policy studies
• Sentiment science
• Program evaluation
• Common administration
• Public wellness
• Public insurance (law)
• Public policy schools
• Public services
• Social contract
• Welfare
• Social study
• Think tank

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Office, Publications. "What is policy". sydney.edu.au . Retrieved 15 Apr 2018.
2. ^ Voican, Mădălina (2008). "Governance's Role in Coordination of Decision- Making Process". Revista DE Științe Politics. Daybook of Political Science (17): 26–31.
3. ^ Deleon, Saint Peter the Apostle; Steelman, Toddi A. (2001). "Making public insurance policy programs useful and relevant: The role of the policy sciences". Diary of Insurance policy Analysis and Direction. 20 (1): 163–171. doi:10.1002/1520-6688(200124)20:1<163::aid-pam2011>3.0.carbon monoxide;2-w. ISSN 0276-8739.
4. ^ Nakamura 1987.
5. ^ Laswell, H(1971). A Pre-View of Insurance policy Sciences. New York, Elsevier.
6. ^ Howlett, M. (2011) Designing public policies: principles and instruments. Routledge.
7. ^ Young, Trick and Enrique Mendizabal. Helping researchers become policy entrepreneurs, Overseas Development Establish, London, Sept 2009.
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Lowi, Theodore J. (July 1972). "Four Systems of Policy, Political sympathies, and Choice". Public Administration Recap. 32 (4): 298–310. Interior Department:10.2307/974990. JSTOR 974990.
9. ^ Birkland, Thomas A. (2 July 2019). An Introduction to the Policy Procedure: Theories, Concepts, and Models of Public Policy Making (5 ed.). Routledge. ISBN978-1-351-02394-8.
10. ^ Taeihagh, Araz (1 June 2017). "Network-centrical insurance policy design". Policy Sciences. 50 (2): 317–338. doi:10.1007/s11077-016-9270-0. ISSN 1573-0891.
11. ^ ^{a b} Furumo, Paul R.; Lambin, Eric F. (27 October 2021). "Policy sequencing to reduce tropical deforestation". Global Sustainability. 4. Department of the Interior:10.1017/sus.2021.21. ISSN 2059-4798.
12. ^ Meckling, Jonas; Sterner, Saint Thomas; Wagner, Gernot (December 2017). "Policy sequencing toward decarbonization". Nature Energy. 2 (12): 918–922. doi:10.1038/s41560-017-0025-8. ISSN 2058-7546.
13. ^ Pahle, Michael; Burtraw, Dallas; Flachsland, Christian; Kelsey, Nina; Biber, Eric; Meckling, Jonas; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Zysman, John (October 2018). "Sequencing to ratchet up climate policy strictness". Nature Climate Change. 8 (10): 861–867. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0287-6. ISSN 1758-6798.
14. ^ ^{a b} "Timing is everything: Researchers reveal why the right sequence of policies is essential to slow disforestation". Stanford University . Retrieved 23 November 2021.
15. ^ Howlett, Michael (December 2009). "Process Sequencing Policy Kinetics: On the far side Homeostasis and Course Dependance". Journal of State-supported Policy. 29 (3): 241–262. Interior:10.1017/S0143814X09990158. ISSN 1469-7815.
16. ^ Daugbjerg, Carsten (1 April 2009). "Sequencing in public policy: the phylogenesis of the Capital over a decade". Journal of European World Policy. 16 (3): 395–411. doi:10.1080/13501760802662698. ISSN 1350-1763.
17. ^ Carlisle, Keith; Gruby, Rebecca L. (2019). "Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons". Policy Studies Daybook. 47 (4): 927–952. doi:10.1111/psj.12212. ISSN 1541-0072.

References [edit]

• Althaus, Catherine; Bridgman, St. Peter the Apostl; Davis, Glyn (2007). The Australian Policy Handbook (4th ed.). Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
• Blakemore, Ken (1998). Ethnical Policy: an Introduction. Buckingham; Philadelphia: Open University Military press.
• Dye, Thomas R. (1976). Policy Analysis. University of Alabama Press.
• Greenberg, George D.; et al. (December 1977). "Developing Public Insurance policy Theory: Perspectives from Empirical Research". American Political Science Review. 71 (4): 1532–1543. doi:10.2307/1961494. JSTOR 1961494.
• Heckathorn, Douglas D.; Maser, Steven M. (1990). "The Contractual Architecture of World Policy: A Critical Reconstruction Period of Lowi's Typology". The Journal of Politics. 52 (4): 1101–1123. doi:10.2307/2131684. JSTOR 2131684.
• Jenkins, William (1978). Policy Analysis: A Political and Organizational Perspective. British capital: Martin Robertson.
• Kellow, Aynsley (Summertime 1988). "Promoting Elegance in Policy Theory: Simplifying Lowi's Arenas of Exponent". Policy Studies Journal. 16 (4): 713–724. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1988.tb00680.x.
• Lowi, Theodore J.; Bauer, Raymond A.; De Sola Pool, Ithiel; Dextral, Lewis A. (1964). "American Concern, Public Policy, Subject-Studies, and Ideology". World Government. 16 (4): 687–713. doi:10.2307/2009452. JSTOR 2009452.
• Lowi, Theodore J. (1972). "Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice". Common Administration Review. 32 (4): 298–310. Interior Department:10.2307/974990. JSTOR 974990.
• Lowi, Theodore J. (1985). "The State in Politics". In Noll, Roger G. (male erecticle dysfunction.). Regulatory Policy and the ethnical Sciences. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 67–110.
• Müller, Pierre; Surel, Yves (1998). L'analyse des politiques publiques (in French). Paris: Montchrestien.
• Nakamura, Robert T. (September 1987). "The textbook policy process and implementation explore". Review of Policy Research. 7 (1): 142–154. doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1987.tb00034.x.
• Paquette, Laure (2002). Analyzing National and International Insurance. Rowman Littlefield.
• Smith, K. B. (2002). "Typologies, Taxonomies, and the Benefits of Policy Categorization". Policy Studies Journal. 30 (3): 379–395. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2002.tb02153.x.
• Spitzer, Robert J. (June 1987). "Promoting Insurance Theory: Revising the Arenas of Might". Policy Studies Journal. 15 (4): 675–689. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1987.tb00753.x.

Promote reading [edit]

• K. Cummins, Linda (2011). Policy Practice for Social Workers: New Strategies for a New Era. Pearson. ISBN9780205022441.
• Hicks, Daniel L.; Hicks, Joan Hamory; Maldonado, Beatriz (January 2016). "Women as policy makers and donors: female legislators and foreign aid". European Journal of Economics. 41: 46–60. Interior:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.10.007.

External links [edit]

Look risen policy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Policy institutes at Curlie
• "Policy Studies Organization". ipsonet.org.

define feudalism and describe the characteristics of its organization

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy